Project "Technics SL-Q3 Direct Drive Automatic Turntable"

I have been using this turntable for about 2 years now and it has been chugging along steadily. It belonged to my father who said he bought it about 30+ years ago and the fact that it still turns at all is a miracle in this generation of gadgets that never seem to last longer than a couple of years before giving up the ghost. It originally comes with a thick rubber platter mat which I have since replaced with a thinner cork one. It spoils the look of it somewhat but it isn't going to win any design awards even with the black rubber mat anyway.

It is a quartz locked direct drive turntable, meaning no spinning motors or turntable belts, and if working well it would be spinning 99.9% (or so) at the correct speed all the time at either 33 or 45rpm. The tonearm moves automatically to the first track of a record when the start button is pressed, and returns automatically to rest when the end of the record is reached...simple and convenient. It does what it was designed to do with minimum fuss and performs well to my ears.

This turntable was built to last, but everything has its limits and recently I noticed it has been struggling to keep a constant speed. I can hear it every time I play a song with a sustained note and you can hear the pitch go up and down when it is supposed to be a steady pitch. A quick check with a stroboscope confirmed this and I set about dismantling the turntable to see what was up with it.

To take it apart, remove the platter mat and you will see two holes in the platter. Put a finger into each hole and GENTLY lift the platter up. Do your best to try and lift it straight up without knocking the against the center spindle as the direct drive motor magnets are there and might be damaged with rough treatment.

You can see the direct drive magnets in the picture below. The black cover has 3 screws securing it to the turntable body. Remove these screws and the cover lifts right off.

The cover has an indicator showing the front orientation so you can't put it back wrongly.

Lifting off the cover reveals...electrolytic capacitors!!! The number one most replaced component on this blog so far! They have been in service for 30+ years and it was time for them to be replaced...

The bottom plate has to be removed in order to access the bottom of the PCB. The four spring feet were in terrible condition and the rubber dampers we disintegrating as I handled them. They came apart as I unscrewed the four screws holding the bottom plate to the turntable body. I would obviously have to replace the feet as well.

What would you expect to find in a 30+ year old turntable? 30+ years worth to dust perhaps? Yep...it was so dusty that I took the entire bottom plate and ran it under a tap to wash away all the muck. I realize now that in my haste to assemble the turntable back later I forgot to take a picture of the clean bottom plate but trust me when I say I cleaned it up real good.

With everything stripped away I now have access to the top and bottom of the PCB. You can see the intricate system of gears and pulleys that control the auto start and return system. No electronic servos or other high tech stuff here! Besides the quartz locked motor speed control which is electronically controlled, everything else is nearly mechanical which is very interesting to look at...

Replacing the electrolytic capacitors was as simple as noting down the value and voltage rating and getting new replacements.

As always, modern equivalent capacitors are usually smaller than what they were 30+ years ago..

I found a few capacitors that were leaking as I desoldered them one by one. None of the other capacitors other than electrolytic generally require replacement after 10 years or so and they are usually the first components to fail, so do keep that in mind every time an old piece of equipment fails suddenly. You could bring it back to life by simply replacing the electrolytic capacitors as I have done many times on this blog with the other projects.

There...good as new for the next 10-30 years!

While I was at it, I decided to replace the corroded RCA plugs as well. These plugs connect to my pre-amplifier and have always needed an occasional twisting in their sockets to get a good connection and I was sick of it so it was time for them to go!

I ordered a good solid pair of Amphenol plugs and I couldn't ask for any better quality in a RCA plug (none of those 100% solid-gold-blessed-with-holy-water kind of plugs please...) Here's a short guide on how to replace RCA plugs on your player:

Strip the wire carefully to expose the shielding and the inner insulated core.

Twist the shielding to form a 'wire' on its own. This shielding is to be soldered on to the flat horizontal prong you see in the picture below.

Strip the inner wire ever so slightly and solder that to the center hole of the RCA plug. Solder the shielding as mentioned before and that settles this plug!

Rinse and repeat for the other plug and voila, new corrosion free plugs!

The old spring/rubber feet could no longer serve their purpose of absorbing the vibrations from the surface which the turntable is coupled to, so I bought these solid metal cone feet to replace them. They act as mechanical diodes, allowing vibrations to transfer from the turntable down to the surface which it is sitting on, and not the other way around.

I stuck cork pads on the corners of the base plate to give a buffer zone between the supports and the turntable for added dampening. This is beneficial especially if your speakers are near to your player and the vibrations induced by your speakers will result in audible feedback which is when the energy of the sound waves from your speaker causes your needle to vibrate, which in turn creates sound in your speakers, which in turn causes your needle to vibrate, which in turn...well...you get the picture...

Lastly, I also decided to give the dust cover a good cleaning and polishing as well. 30+ years of wear and tear has made it opaque. I used fine grade sandpaper for the more obvious scratches, followed by Novus plastic polisher no.1 and 2 which I last used with great results on the Westclox clock lens.

It seems to be dusty but it is actually covered in many fine scratches from the years of daily wear and tear.

Apply a good amount and buff with a soft cloth:

It's not perfectly clear, but it is much better than before. You probably won't get it glass clear without using a electric buffer but this was good enough for me.

I put everything back together and now the turntable works perfectly again. 

-The capacitor replacement cured the inconsistent motor speed.

-The new RCA plugs stopped the intermittent connection between the turntable and the pre-amplifier.

-The new cone feet reduced the vibrations absorbed by the turntable body, resulting in lesser mechanical feedback.

-The polished dust cover made the turntable slightly nicer to look at.

All in all a great success!

Project "Mistral MM-1 Hybrid Tube Amplifier Modification"

I bought this hybrid tube amplifier made by Mistral Audio (http://www.mistralaudio.com/Stereo.html) from the shop Precision Audio in Adelphi (affiliated to Ban Leong Brothers Singapore) slightly over a year ago. It sounded really good when I first got it and only cost $169SGD (!!!!) which is the cheapest power amplifier I have seen in the entire building (The Adelphi has many...many high end audio shops with 4-5 digit product price tags).

It uses a pair of 6N1 triodes as well as a pair of 6P15 pentodes for the preamplifier section. The power output utilizes a pair of LM1875 solid state amplifiers capable of 20 Watts each.

After using it for a year I noticed the sound quality started to deteriorate really fast. It started buzzing, humming and distorting intermittently and really got on my nerves and my ears. I did some research and I found out quite a lot of disappointing things from many different forums, mainly:

-It isn't really 'made' by Mistral Audio. This amplifier is a generic Chinese designed and manufactured amp apparently in the same factory as where they build the other Mistral Audio amplifiers that cost more than a thousand bucks. This amplifier that costs $169SGD is made in that same factory (i think?) but wasn't designed by Mistral Audio; it was designed by a nameless company and they just slapped their brand on it...together with a few other brands such as Jaycar (model AA-0474) in Australia which they are discussing on this forum: 

http://www.audiokarma.org/forums/showthread.php?t=277066

and it is also branded as Marriola on Amazon.com:

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Amplifier-4Tubes2x40-Natural-Marriola-RV-100/dp/B006IQ6Z90/ref=pd_sim_sbs_ce_1/279-2282004-0675031

-All the tube heaters are actually over voltage and are running much hotter than they should be. I found this out from the audiokarma forum link above as well as from this experienced person's (cool386) website: 

http://members.iinet.net.au/~cool386/jaycar/jaycar.html

This means that the tubes will fail and burn out much sooner than their normal lifespan, bringing the sound quality down the longer they are run. They are not supposed to be as bright as they look in this picture:

-Also, only half of each triode is actually hooked up to the preamplifier circuit, meaning that while the tubes definitely do contribute to the sound, they are not actually fully utilized.

---------------

The bottom line is that the amplifier doesn't sound bad...it doesn't sound bad at all! But in order to get it working consistently at its full potential, a few modifications had to be made.

The first modifications I did was to reduce the heater voltages. I assumed the tubes were all burnt out after spending a year running hot and ordered a completely new pair of (Bulgarian/Ukrainian NOS tubes) 6N1s and 6P15s from eBay. The forum members on the audiokarma forum suggested putting voltage drop resistors which would work but after tracing the preamplifier PCB I could not understand the logic behind their suggested resistor placement and came up with a new one.

The amplifier can be dismantled easily; just remove all the screws on the edges of the bottom and the entire bottom plate comes off. Use a marker to mark all the connectors you see so you will be able to identify which connector goes back to which later on during reassembly.

The preamplifier PCB can be accessed by removing all the tubes from their sockets and unscrewing the 12 nuts holding the PCB in place.

Be sure to click on the image above to get a closer view. The socket pins bounded in the red squares are the tube heater pins. From cool386's post on this amplifier he stated that the power from the heaters come straight from the 16VAC transformer winding. This 16VAC is fed through a diode to produce about 8.5V RMS which is above the required 6.3V heater voltage of the tubes.

I got 4 x 3.3ohm ceramic resistors rated for 4 Watts each and connected each tube heater in series with the 8.5V RMS source. This would drop about 2V for each tube, bringing it down to a more tolerable 6.5~V whilst each resistor would burn about 1.5~W each.

I apologize for my poor MS paint skills but I think this is enough to illustrate the modification. Cut the traces with a penknife at the red X's and wire up the resistors accordingly. All the resistors are of the same value and the blue colored one is only for the sake of clarity. I scraped away the track coating in the right yellow circle and soldered the resistors to the copper track directly as there were no pads available there. I placed heat shrinks on the legs of the resistors to prevent any shorts.The completed modification is as shown:

The next thing I looked at was the power amplifier stage which holds the solid state amplifiers as well as the power supply:

Since the warranty for this amplifier was over, I decided to overhaul all the cheap electrolytic capacitors on this board to audio grade ones. There were also more electrolytic (decoupling?) capacitors on the top of the preamplifier board to be replaced as well:

The replacement capacitors of my choice were the Nichicon "Muse" Electrolytic capacitors which are supposedly of 'audio grade'. I felt more comfortable having these high quality components rather than the chinese "Robicon" (ripped off from Rubycon?) and ChengX capacitors.

so it was out with the old and in with the new:

Some of the new capacitors were bigger than the old ones thus some slight bending and twisting was required to make them fit back into the chassis comfortably.

The tubes (6N1p pictured) also arrived and I replaced the stock Chinese ones with these NOS Russian ones which are supposedly military grade and more hardy:

After going through all that trouble, I switched on the amp...and...the buzzing and distortion was still there!!! How frustrating!!! You can hear the buzzing and distortion I am referring to in the before and after video at the end of this post.

I realized the distortion only comes during quiet passages of certain songs that were played. The noise got louder every time I increased the treble potentiometer so I traced the circuit from the pot and found that it led to a pair of JRC4558D op amps (the red squares in the picture below) on the PCB, one connected to the treble pot and the other to the bass pot.

I did some research and my description of the distortion matches what is known as "crossover distortion" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_distortion) where the distortion mainly occurs during low signal (soft passages in a song) voltages in a "push pull" amplifier but disappears in normal to loud voltages. I won't go into much detail about this but I spotted two transistors down the signal path that might suggest this is a push pull amplifier. Before attempting to try to change the transistors I decided to change the 4558 op amps first just to see if that fixes anything.

I removed the op amps and soldered on 8 pin sockets in their places. After trawling through many forums and webpages I found a suitable upgrade in the form of the LM833N op amp and plugged them in.

I switched on the amp and played the same song that was giving me so much distortion before and...it was perfect! Changing the op amps solved the 'crossover distortion' completely!

I did not connect the LED lighting for the VU meter because I felt it was far too glaring and spoiled the look of this otherwise good looking amp. The tubes also lost their lightbulb glow and is now glowing at what seems to be the correct brightness. The sound of the amp has also improved by a great amount and I don't mean it in the pretentious "the high end is clearer and the soundstage is wider etc etc" kind of way...I mean it REALLY improved and the video below proves it. Be sure to select and watch it in the highest definition to get the best audio quality.

I'm not going to state that the 4558D op amps are better than the 833N because of the sheer amount of arguments I have read on forums all around. I will only state that the issues I had with the 4558 might be because the pair of op amps I replaced were perhaps from a defective batch because they did not sound this way when I first bought the amp. But from the datasheet the 833N claims to be low noise and that justified a try and I'm happy I did.

Take note that the video was recorded using an external mic set on the speakers and that makes it sound worse than it actually does. But you should be able to hear the buzzy distorted vocals that are no longer buzzy after the modifications are made.

*EDIT*: unfortunately I realize that youtube isn't exactly the best place to compare audio quality. the buzzy distorted vocals before the modification sound way worse in the .wav file i saved but I think youtube downsizes the audio quality to 128kbps or so, thus smoothing over the buzzy vocals and making the distortion not that obvious..but take my word for it that switching the op amps in this situation really helped rectify the problem

Project "Mitchell Model 1265 Portable Suitcase Record Player, Selenium Rectifier Replacement"

It has been a long time since I made any new posts because I am no longer that free anymore as I am now working full time.

But today I finally got around to replacing the 'dangerous' selenium rectifier that is present in the Mitchell Model 1265 turntable that I restored some time ago. The rectifier can apparently fail catastrophically and emit poisonous smoke during use! I thank the person who left the comment here on this blog highlighting that fact to me.

I am not good with hardware and circuits, so I had no clue on what to replace the rectifier with. A good consultation with my more technically inclined brother revealed that I only required a modern day IN4007 diode to replace it: a very simple and quick fix!

This is the modern day diode versus the selenium rectifier (the component with the multiple gray square plates).

It only took me about 5 minutes but took my brother a good half an hour of circuit tracing and Googling!

After everything was done, I plugged in the player and it was still working like before...and now it is slightly more future proof and will hopefully last for a very very long time!

Link to previous post on the restoration of this player: http://projectrepair.blogspot.sg/2012/05/project-mitchell-model-1265-portable.html